英語強調(diào)句考點面面觀
摘要：強調(diào)句一直都是英語考試的重點內(nèi)容。本文對英語強調(diào)句的各種句型進行了具體介紹，以促進學生對強調(diào)句的學習。
關鍵詞：英語強調(diào)句；句型；特殊句式；舉例分析
強調(diào)句型是高中英語中一個重要的語法項目，因為其實用性強，易與其他句型結合，易于創(chuàng)新，因而受到命題者的青睞，幾乎每年高考都要涉及，是高考重要考點之一。句型結構：It is / was + 被強調(diào)部分+ that / who +句子剩余部分…
本文我們著重探討該句型的創(chuàng)新變化形式。隨著高考考點的不斷深入變化，該句型總是以新的面孔出現(xiàn)，或本身發(fā)生變化，或與其他句式結構相結合，然而萬變不離其宗，總是脫不掉it，be，that/who這一框架結構。筆者結合近幾年有關高考題的特點，將其變化形式歸納如下：
一、強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式
句式特征：Is/ Was it +被強調(diào)部分+ that…
1．（1994 上海）Was it in 1969 ____ the American astronauts succeeded ___ landing on the moon ?
A. when; on B. that; on C. when; in D. that; in
簡析：比較It was in 1969 that the American astronauts succeeded in landing on the moon 我們不難看出該題干實質上是該陳述句的一般疑問句形式。答案選D。
2．Could it be in the restaurant in ____ you had dinner with me yesterday ____ you lost your handbag?
A. that; which B. which; that C. where; that D. that; where
這是一個含有情態(tài)動詞的強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式，第一空格所在的句子成分應為定語從句，結合介詞in應用關系代詞which；第二個空格所在部分應為強調(diào)句型中的that分句。故答案為B。
二、結合特殊疑問詞構成特殊疑問句形式
句式特征：特殊疑問詞+is/was it that…？
1．_______ is it _______has made Peter _______he is today?
A. What; that; that B. That; that; what
C. What; what; that D. What; that; what
簡析：本題結構復雜，乍看難以理清，請看下面兩句：It is determination that has made Peter what he is today.對劃線部分提問→What is it that has made Peter what he is today?
對照原題，則答案為D。
三、 強調(diào)句型的反意疑問句形式
句式特征為：It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that…，isn’t / wasn’t it？
1．It was Alice and her boyfriend who sent the old man to the hospital, ______?
A. do they B. didn’t they C. wasn’t it D. was it
簡析：答案C. 此種情況下疑問句中的主語應與強調(diào)句型中的主語it保持一致，不能和被強調(diào)部分中的名詞或代詞保持一致，并要遵守“前肯定后否定”的原則。
四、強調(diào)句型的感嘆句形式
句式特征為：what/ how … it is (that) +主語+謂語！
1.What a beautiful picture it is (that) you have drawn!
2．How beautiful it is (that) your daughter is!
五、強調(diào)句型的“讓步含義”
句式特征為：含有“讓步含義”的強調(diào)句型在翻譯成漢語時要注意“反譯”。
1．It is a wise father that knows his own child.
再英明的父親也不會理解他自己的子女。（莎士比亞名言）
2．It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.
再聰明的人也會犯錯誤。
六、在強調(diào)句型中考察主謂一致與比較結構。
在強調(diào)句型中，有時也考察用rather than，not …but…等連接的平行對比結構，此時既要注重比較結構，又要注意主謂一致，屬于較復雜的句式。句式特征為：
It is/was not…but…that… ; 不是…而是…（that后的動詞與but后的名詞或代詞保持一致）
It is /was … not … that… ; 或者：It is/was…that… not …; 是…而不是…（that后的動詞應與not前的名詞或代詞保持一致）
It is/was … rather than… that… ; 是…而不是… ( that后的動詞應與rather than前的名詞或代詞保持一致)
例如：1.It is not help but obstacles that make a man.本句譯為“使人成才的，不是助力，而是阻力”，注意obstacles和make形成主謂一致關系。
2．Personally I think it is the sales manager, rather than the sales girls, ______ to blame.
A. is B. that is C. are D. who are
此句被強調(diào)部分中的the sales manager，通過rather than與the sales girls形成比較結構，再考慮到主謂一致的原則，應選B。
3.(NMET 2000, 24) It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
本題答案選B。在本題中被強調(diào)部分the ability to do the job 與 not where you come from or what you are形成比較結構，the ability to do the job與matters形成主謂一致關系。當然本題還可說成：It is the ability to do the job not where you come from or what you are that matters. 但這樣就顯得句子重心不穩(wěn)，結構不合理。
4．It is the prevention of disease rather than its successful treatment that has led to the rapid increase of the world’s population.本句中被強調(diào)部分為對比結構，含義為“導致世界人口快速增長的原因是對疾病的預防而非對疾病的成功治療�！碑斎籬as led to的主語應是the prevention of disease。
七、強調(diào)句型中的be動詞和情態(tài)動詞的結合。
句式特征: It may be+ 被強調(diào)部分+ that … ；It must have been+被強調(diào)部分+ that … ；Would/ Could it be +被強調(diào)部分+that…?
1．It might have been John ______bought a new book for Mary yesterday.
A. what B. since C. that D. then
該題答案為C，許多考生誤選其他的原因在于be的復雜化而看不出本句為強調(diào)句型。再如：
It may be next week that she leaves for Tokyo.
八、強調(diào)句型和名詞性從句的結合。
句式特征為: 整個強調(diào)句型用作名詞性從句或者在強調(diào)句型中含有名詞性從句。
1.I’ve already forgotten _________you put the dictionary.
A. that it was there B. where was it that
C. that where it was D. where it was that
本題是經(jīng)過變形的強調(diào)句型用作賓語從句的體現(xiàn)，為了更好地理解，我們分三步對其進行討論。
第一步，復原→It was on the desk that I put the dictionary.
第二步，對劃線部分提問→Where was it that you put the dictionary?
第三步，變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序，將其用作forgotten的賓語從句則變?yōu)椋篒’ve already forgotten where it was that you put the dictionary.與原題對比，答案應為D。再看一個強調(diào)句型中含有同位語從句的例子：It was at the very beginning ____Mr. Fox made the decision _____ we should send more firefighters there.
A. when; which B. where; what C. then; so D. that; that
本題答案為D。 第一個that為強調(diào)句型中的that；第二個that引導同位語從句，說明the decision的內(nèi)容。
九、強調(diào)句型和定語從句的結合。
句式特征為: 在強調(diào)句型的被強調(diào)部分或其他部分中找出一個先行詞，附上修飾該部分的定語從句，這樣整個句子結構就變得非常復雜。應特別注意不要混淆定語從句的關系詞和強調(diào)句型中的that/who部分。
1.It was in the small house _____was built with stones by his father ____he spent his childhood.
A. which; that B. that; where C. which; which D. that; which
本題含義為“是在這間小房子里他度過了童年”，the small house作先行詞，其后的定語從句缺做主語的關系代詞；第二空所缺的應是強調(diào)句型中的結構詞that, 故答案選A。再如：
2.It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of time that he ought to have spent doing his lessons.
劃線部分作定語從句修飾先行詞time。本題中有兩個that，最大的誤會就是把二者弄混，第一個that是強調(diào)句型中的；第二個that是關系代詞引導定語從句的。因其作spent的賓語，可以省去。 3．Is _____three hours ______the boy _______family is poor to come to school on foot?
A. it; that; whose B. it; that it takes; whose
C. it for; that it takes; whose D. it; when; that;
本題結構復雜，是定語從句、強調(diào)句型的一般問句形式和句式It takes sb some time to do sth.的糅合。我們也分幾步來看這個句子：
第一步：基本句式It takes the boy three hours to come to school on foot.
第二步：以the boy為先行詞，后面附上定語從句，則變?yōu)椋篒t takes the boy whose family is poor three hours to come to school on foot.
第三步：用強調(diào)句型對上句中的劃線部分進行強調(diào)，則變?yōu)椋篒t is three hours that it takes the boy whose family is poor to come to school on foot.
第四步：將上句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧浼词窃擃}，經(jīng)對比可知答案應為B。
十、強調(diào)句型和（not）……until句型的結合
句式特征為:It is/ was until +被強調(diào)部分+that +延續(xù)動詞；It is/ was not until+被強調(diào)部分+that+短暫動詞
用強調(diào)句型對I didn’t leave until it got dark.中的劃線部分進行強調(diào)，則變成：It was not until it got dark that I left. 注意此種情況下否定詞not要從原題的主句上轉移到被強調(diào)的從句上，這也是否定轉移的一種形式。
1.It was until last year that he ________________________.
A. left school for a new start
B. came to realize the importance of learning English
C. worked as an English teacher at a middle school
D. set out to build a new house of his own
本題不含否定詞not，四個選項中只有C項中的動詞work為延續(xù)性動詞，答案C。
十一、強調(diào)句型的省略形式
句式特征為: 在一定的上下文中，強調(diào)句型的某個部分可以省略。作題時要特別注意將其復原并加以比較。
1.——Who is making so much noise in the garden?
——_________ the children.
A. It is B. They are C. That is D. There are
強調(diào)句型在具體的語境中省略，其完整形式應是：It is the children who are making so much noise in the garden.答案為A。
2．——He was nearly drowned once.
——When was _______?
——____ was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This
在第三句話中when he was in middle school.為定語從句，修飾1998，其后省去了that he was nearly drowned once. 此題如把關系副詞when 也挖空，則很容易誤選that。答案為A。
十二、強調(diào)句型的形近句型
1.It be +被強調(diào)部分+that+… 是強調(diào)句型，去掉it，be，that后，剩余部分仍能組成一個完整的句子。如：It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. 本句去掉it，be，that后可轉化成：Probably due to these skills they have been offered a wide variety of positions.
2.It+ be+ adj. / n. / 過去分詞+that從句句型。該句型中的It是形式主語，that引導的從句是真正的主語從句。如：(1)It is important that he (should) learn English well.
(2)It is a fact that he can speak both English and Japanese.(3)It is suggested that he leave his office right now.
3.“It be +時間段+since……”句型。如果since和延續(xù)性動詞連用，則意為“某人不做某事已有多久了”；如和短暫動詞連用，則為“某人做某事已有多久了”。如：(1)It is two months since he fell ill.他病了兩個月了。(2)It is two months since he was ill. 他病好已經(jīng)兩個月了。
4.It be+時間段+before……句型 表示“……多久后某事發(fā)生”。如：It was a long time before they met again. 很長時間后他們才見面；It was not long before he came back. 時間過不久他們就回來了。
5.“It be…when……”句型 表示“某事發(fā)生時正是……時候” 如：It was 1949 when the PRC was founded. 試比較強調(diào)句型句：It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.去掉it，was，that后仍是一個完整的句子。
參考文獻：
[1]英語強調(diào)句[BE/OL]. http://wenku.baidu.com/view/f6d023340b4c2e3f572763d4.html
[2]英語強調(diào)句練習題[EB/OL].http://wenku.baidu.com/view/3586714ae45c3b3567ec8bef.html
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